Unix komutları -7

Log Files

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
messages	/var/adm/messages	/var/log/messages	/var/log/messages	/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log	/var/adm/ras
syslog	/var/log/syslog	/var/log/syslog	/var/log/syslog	/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log	/var/adm/ras
mail		/var/log/mail	/var/log/mail.*	/var/adm/syslog/mail.log	/usr/spool/mqueue/syslog
cron	/var/cron/log	/var/log/cron	/var/log/cron.log	/var/adm/cron/log	/var/adm/cron/log
boot	/var/adm/messages dmesg	/var/log/boot dmesg	/var/log/boot dmesg	/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log dmesg	/var/adm/ras alog -o -t boot alog -o -t console alog -L  (list all the logs available)
Error logging	logger	logger	logger	logger	/usr/lib/errdemon -l (display attributes)  /usr/lib/errdemon (start error logging)  /usr/lib/errstop (stop error logging) # use with above errorlog file  errpt (summary errorlog report) errpt -a (detailed errorlog report) errpt -j <identifier> (single errorlog report) errclear (clears errorlog) errclear -d <class><days> (clears class errors) errlogger "message upto 230 chars"

Security

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
Checking the passwd file	pwck	pwck	pwck	pwck	pwdck -t ALL  usrck -t ALL
checking the group file	grpck	grpck	grpck	grpck	grpck
console login (allow/deny)	# No reboot required  /etc/default/login	# No reboot required  /etc/securetty	# No reboot required  /etc/securetty	# No reboot required  /etc/securetty Note: you may need to create this file if it does not exist	# No reboot required /etc/security/user chsec -f /etc/security/user -s root

Misc

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
startup	eeprom setenv boot-device	grub (GUI) lilo (text based)	grub (GUI)	setboot -p <primary path> setboot -a <alternate path> # autoboot sequnce  setboot -b [on|off]	bootlist -m normal hdisk0 hdisk1
shutdown	shutdown -i5 -g0 -y (power down) shutdown -i6 -g0 -y (reboot) shutdown -i0 -g0 -y (OK prompt) reboot -- -r (reboot/reconfigure) touch /reconfigure	shutdown -h (halt) shutdown -r (reboot) shutdown -f (fast reboot no fsck) shutdown -F (force fsck)	shutdown -h (halt) shutdown -r (reboot) shutdown -P (power off) touch /forcefsck # edit /etc/default/rcS change below so  # you dont have to hang around  FSCKFIX=yes	shutdown -h now (halt) shutdown -r now(reboot)	shutdown -F (fast shutdown)  shutdown -Fr (fast shutdown and reboot)
Change run level	halt init poweroff reboot shutdown telinit uadmin	halt init poweroff reboot shutdown telinit	halt init poweroff reboot shutdown telinit	init reboot shutdown	init shutdown reboot  telinit halt
init status 0 1 2 3 4 5 6	0 - shutdown 1 - single user 2 - n/a 3 - Multi-user 4 - n/a 5 - power off 6 - reboot # change default vi /etc/inittab	0 - halt 1 - single user 2 - multiuser (no networking) 3 - multiuser (networking) 4 - unused 5 - GUI 6 - reboot # change default vi /etc/inittab	0 - halt 1 - single user 2 - multiuser (default) 3 - same as 2  4 - same as 2  5 - same as 2  6 - reboot  # change default - change all the telinit  vi /etc/event.d/rc-default	0 - halt 1 - single users 2 - multiuser (networking) 3 - multiuser (networking, NFS, and CDE GUI) (default)  4 - multiuser (netwrking, NFS, and VUE GUI) 5 - n/a 6 - n/a # change default - change the initdefault line  vi /etc/inittab	0 - reserved  1 - reserved  2 - multiuser mode with NFS  3 - user defined  4 - user defined  5 - user defined  6 - user defined  7-9 - user defined # change default - change the initdefault line  vi /etc/inittab
Startup options	-s single user -a interactive -x no device drivers (used in clustering)  -r reconfigure devices -m milestone	single  - use grub to edit kernel line  emergency - use grub to edit kernel line  linux rescue - use at the boot prompt single: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run  rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as /mnt/sysimage	single  - use grub to edit kernel line  emergency - use grub to edit kernel line  linux rescue - use at the boot prompt single: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run  rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as /mnt/sysimage	interact with IPL? Y # single user  ISL> hpux -is # Logical volume maintanence mode  ISL> hpux -lm # No quroum check ISL> hpux -lq	Based on 9114-275 workstation 1. switch off the machine 2. power on and enter the SMS menu Note: to enter the SMS menu press numeric 1 after the word keyboard but before the word speaker
startup scripts	/etc/init.d /etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d	/etc/init.d /etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d	/etc/init.d /etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d	/sbin/init.d /etc/rc.config.d (startup config files)  /sbin/rc0.d - /sbin/rc6.d	/etc/rc.d /etc/rc.d/init.d /etc/rc.d/rc2.d - rc9.d /etc/rc.* (config files for auto-starting) also uses the System Resource Controller
boot prompt commands	boot printenv setenv banner devalias show-devs show-pci-devs-all  probe-scsi-all probe-fcal-all probe-pci  watch-net-all reset-all	F10 or F12	F10 or F12	interact with IPL? Y	Based on a 9114-275 workstation 1. switch off the machine 2. power on and enter the SMS menu Note: to enter the SMS menu press numeric 1 after the word keyboard but before the word speaker
Boot process	Phases: Boot PROM: displays system information, run POST, load bootblk, locate ufsboot Boot Programs: bootblk loads and executes the ufsboot Kernel Initialization: ufsboot loads and executes the core kernel, initializes core kernel data structures, loads other kernel modules based on the/etc/system file, starts/sbin/init program init: starts other processes based on the /etc/inittab file	Boot sequence 1.     BIOS 2.     POST 3.     Master Boot Record (MBR) - point to the bootloader GRUB or LILO 4.     GRUB (stage 1) - point to GRUB stage 1_5 5.     GRUB (stage 1_5) - deals with specific filesystem types look at /boot/grub/*1_5 files 6.     GRUB (stage 2) – reads /etc/grub.conf and displays the grub menu, it specifies the kernel and the initrd files 7.     KERNEL - control given to the kernel 8.     INIT - reads /etc/inittab and runs /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit script	Boot sequence 1.     BIOS 2.     POST 3.     Master Boot Record (MBR) - point to the bootloader GRUB or LILO 4.     GRUB (stage 1) - point to GRUB stage 1_5 5.     GRUB (stage 1_5) - deals with specific filesystem types look at /boot/grub/*1_5 files 6.     GRUB (stage 2) – reads /boot/grub/menu.lst and displays the grub menu, it specifies the kernel and the initrd files 7.     KERNEL - control given to the kernel 8.     INIT - runs the /etc/event.d/rc-default script	Phases: 1.     PDC - processor-dependent code; executes and performs self-tests 2.     ISL - initial system loader; loads the secondary system loader hpux 3.     HPUX - is the secondary system loader and loads the kernel /stand/vmunix, then hands over to the kernel 4.     KERNEL - swapper processes are started by the kernel then starts the init process 5.     INIT - reads /etc/inittab	Phases: Read Only Storage (ROS): check the system board, perform POST, locate and load boot image, begin system initialization and execute phase 1 of the /etc/rc.boot script Base Device Configuration: start configuration manager to configue base devices System Boot: start init process phase 2, switch to hard-disk root filesystem, start other processes defined by /etc/inittab and execute phase 3 of the /etc/rc.boot script
determine the run level	who -r	runlevel who -r	runlevel who -r	who -r	who -r
obtain default run level	cat /etc/inittab	cat /etc/inittab	/etc/event.d/rc-default	/etc/inittab	/etc/inittab
list locale	locale -a	locale -a	locale -a	locale -a	locale -a
start xwindows	n/a	startx (shorthand of below) initx (lots of parms)		n/a	n/a
initialize system	sys-unconfig			set_parms [initial|hostname|ip_address|timezone] Note: set_parms is in /sbin	install_assist
Timezone	/etc/TIMEZONE /etc/default/init	/etc/sysconfig/clock /usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab	/etc/timezone /usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab	/etc/TIMEZONE	/etc/environment /etc/profile

Kaynak:http://www.datadisk.co.uk 

Unix komutları -6

Accounts cmmands

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
display users	cat /etc/passwd logins -x	cat /etc/passwd system-config-users (GUI)	cat /etc/passwd	cat /etc/passwd logins -x	cat /etc/passwd lsuser -f ALL   (detailed)
create a user	useradd	useradd system-config-users (GUI)	useradd	useradd sam	mkuser useradd
remove a user	userdel	userdel system-config-users (GUI)	userdel	userdel sam	rmuser userdel
modify a user	usermod	usermod system-config-users (GUI)	usermod	usermod sam	chuser -a usermod  passwd -f passwd -s chfn <username> chfn <username><shell>
change user password	passwd	passwd	passwd	passwd	passwd pwdadm pwdck -t ALL
create a group	groupadd	groupadd	groupadd	groupadd	mkgroup <group name>
remove a group	groupdel	groupdel	groupdel	groupdel	rmgroup <group name>
modify a goup	groupmod	groupmod	groupmod	groupmod	chgroup <attribute><group name>
password files	/etc/passwd /etc/shadow	/etc/passwd /etc/shadow	/etc/passwd /etc/shadow	/etc/passwd /tcb/files/auth/r/root (trusted system)	/etc/security/passwd
useful user commands	id -a whoami who w finger	id -a whoami who w finger	id -a whoami who w finger	id whoami who w uptime (displays # of users logged in) finger	id whoami who w uptime (displays # of users logged in) finger  # License information  lslicense chlicense # Maximum number of processes for a user  lsattr -D -l sys0 -a maxuproc chdev -l sys0 -a maxuproc=<number>
useful group commands	groups setpgrp newgrp	groups	groups	groups setprivgrp	groups setgroups lsgroup ALL

NFS commands

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
NFS Daemons	server: mountd, nfsd client: statd, lockd	server: rpc.mountd,nfsd client: rpc.statd, lockd	server: rpc.mountd,nfsd client: rpc.statd, lockd	server: rpc.mountd, nfsd client: rpc.statd, lockd	server: rpc.mountd, nfsd client: rpc.statd, rpc.lockd
NFS files	/etc/dfs/dfstab /etc/dfs/sharetab /etc/rmtab	/etc/exports /var/lib/nfs/etab /var/lib/nfs/xtab	/etc/exports /var/lib/nfs/etab /var/lib/nfs/xtab	/etc/exports /etc/xtab	/etc/exports /etc/xtab
List nfs clients that have a remote mount	/etc/rmtab	/var/lib/nfs/rmtab	/var/lib/nfs/rmtab	/etc/rmtab	/etc/xtab
display nfs shares	dfshares showmount -e localhost	showmount -e localhost	showmount -e localhost	showmount -e localhost	exportfs showmount -e localhost
create nfs share	/etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and add share) share <path>  ## dfstab example  share -F nfs -d "jumpstart" /export/jumpstart	redhat-config-nfs (GUI) /etc/exports (edit and add share) /sbin/service nfs reload ## /etc/exports example /export *(rw,fsid=0,insecure,no_root_squash,sync)	/etc/exports (edit and add share, see below example) exportfs -rav (export the shares)  /etc/init.d/portmap restart /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server restart ## /etc/exports example /export *(rw,fsid=0,insecure,no_root_squash,sync)	/etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf (edit) /etc/exports (edit and add share) exportfs -a	mknfsexp -d <directory> mknfsmnt shareall
uncreate nfs share	unshare <path> /etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and remove share)	/etc/exports (edit and remove share) /sbin/service nfs reload	/etc/exports (edit and remove share) exportfs -rav (export the shares)	/etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf (edit) exportfs -au (unshare all) exportfs -u /home/vallep  /etc/exports (edit and remove share)	rmnfsexp  -d <directory> (unshares and removes from file)  exportfs -u <filesystem>  unshareall
start/change nfs daemons	/etc/init.d/nfs.server start  /etc/init.d/nfs.client start svcadm enable nfs/server svcadm disable nfs/server	/sbin/service nfs start	/etc/init.d/portmap start /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server start	/sbin/init.d/nfs.core start /sbin/init.d/nfs.server start /sbin/init.d/nfs.client start	mknfs chnfs  startsrc -s nfsd startsrc -s rpc.mountd
stop nfs daemons	/etc/init.d/nfs.server stop /etc/init.d/nfs.client stop	/sbin/service nfs stop	/etc/init.d/portmap stop /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server stop	/sbin/init.d/nfs.client stop /sbin/init.d/nfs.server stop  /sbin/init.d/nfs.core stop	rmnfs stopsrc -s nfsd stopsrc -s rpc.mountd
nfs status	ps -ef|grep < nfs daemons>	/sbin/service nfs status	/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server status	ps -ef | grep <nfs daemons>	lssrc -a |grep -i nfs
nfs reload	shareall	/sbin/service nfs reload	exportfs -rav (export the shares)	exportfs -a	exportfs -av
nfs performanace	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat
nfs Options	n/a	cat /var/lib/nfs/etab	cat /var/lib/nfs/etab	n/a	nfso -a nfso -o <option>=<value> exportfs (display options)
solaris/redhat mount problems (nfs v3 to v4)	## Make sure you use NFS version 3  mount -F nfs -o vers=3 <mount> <mountpoint>	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a

NTP commands

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
Time daemons	xntpd	ntpd	ntpd	xntpd	xntpd
ntp setup	# Solaris 8  /etc/ntp.conf /etc/ntp.server /etc/ntp.client /etc/rc2.d/xntpd [start|stop] # Solaris 10 /etc/inet/ntp.server /etc/inet/ntp.client svcadm enable ntpd	/etc/ntp.conf (edit with ntp servers) dateconfig (GUI) chkconfig --list ntpd chkconfig --level 2345 ntpd on  /sbin/service ntpd start	/etc/default/ntp /etc/ntp.conf /etc/init.d/ntp [start|stop|restart]	/etc/rc.config.d/netdaemons (set XNTPD to 1)  /etc/ntp.conf	/etc/ntp.conf startsrc -s xntpd stopsrc -s xntpd lslpp -L all|grep xntpd
ntp daemon options	/lib/svc/method/xntp	/etc/sysconfig/ntpd	/etc/default/ntp	/etc/rc.config.d/netdaemons	startsrc -s xntpd -a "-x" /etc/rc.tcpip
NTP Trace commands	ntpq -p ntptrace	ntpq -p ntptrace	ntpq -p ntptrace	ntpq -p ntpdate (set the date)	ntpq -p ntptrace ntpdate